In November 1848, the Pope took flight.

After the Emperor declared war on Hungary, Vienna launched an uprising in October 1848.

The Frankfurt Parliament is the symbol of the liberal German Revolution of 1848. That's not a compliment. 

In the summer of 1848, the forces of counter-revolution began to get the upper hand in central Europe. 

On March 23, 1848 the Kingdom of Piedmont declared war on Austria. 

In April 1848, the Hungarians won the right to national self-government. But what about the other nations of the Kingdom of Hungary?

The Austrian Imperial Ministry had a habit of cracking down, but then backing down.

With German unification on the way, the question became who exactly was going to be unified anyway?

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In June 1848, France discovered class conflict. 

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The Provisional Government of France wanted a political revolution NOT a social revolution.

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In March 1848, both Milan and Venice revolted against Austrian rule. 

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The fall of the July Monarchy set off a chain reaction throughout Germany that climaxed with intense fighting in Berlin.

On your feet, Magyar, the homeland calls! The time is here, now or never! Shall we be slaves or free? This is the question, choose your answer.

On March 13, 1848, Metternich fell. 

We did it! 

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There is a spectre haunting Europe....

In 1848 there would be no replacing one Bourbon with another. 

In February 1848 the National Guard had finally had enough of the July Monarchy 

In 1847 and 1848 opposition leaders spent good money to eat bad food while listening to bad speeches. 

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The Revolutions of 1848 began in Italy

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Do you want a constitution? Well, too bad. 

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The mid-1840s were a rotten time. 

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1000 years of Hungarian history in 38 minutes. 

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In the years after the Napoleonic conquest, the dream of Italian liberation and unification took root. 

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In the years after the Napoleonic conquest, the dream of Italian liberation and unification took root. 

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It may not be Holy or Roman anymore, but it was still an Empire...

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The long road to Germany has begun. 

Audio excerpt from The Storm Before the Storm: The Beginning of the End of the Roman Republic by Mike Duncan. Forthcoming Oct. 24, 2017. Pre-order a copy today! 

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The foundations of the July Monarchy were thin and shallow. 

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In January 1848 Europe was sleeping on a volcano. 

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In June 1832 a bunch of radical republicans spontaneously broke out in song. 

In 1820 the Good Cousins staged a revolution in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. 

After the fall of Napoleon, Austrian Foreign Minister Metternich attempted to orchestrate a new conservative order in Europe. 

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In 1830, the Belgians said we don't want to be a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands anymore.

What the heck did the rest of France think about the July Revolution?

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King Charles X should have never signed the Four Ordinances. You know. In hindsight. 

Time to get this piece on the board. 

On Wed July 28, 1830 the people of Paris proved that piles of rubble were the key to urban revolution. 

On Monday July 26, 1830 the Four Ordinances were published. On Tuesday July 27 the July Revolution began. 

In early 1830 King Charles X tried to beat back the liberal opposition. Instead they came back stronger than ever. 

After ascending to the throne in 1824 Charles X wanted to impose his ultra-royalism on France, but his annoying subjects kept resisting.

After the fall of Napoleon, the Bourbon monarchy was restored. 

In 1830, both Simon Bolivar and Gran Colombia died. 

On Sept 25, 1828 Simón Bolívar went out the window.

At the end of 1826 Simon Bolivar returned to Colombia to deal with the revolt of Jose Antonio Paez. 

In 1825 Upper Peru became the independent nation of Bolivia. 

Wherein Gen. Sucre wins a very Bolivarian battle.

Simòn Bolívar and Jose de San Martin met for the first and only time in July 1822 

In 1822, Antonio Jose Sucre and Simon Bolivar liberated Quito and made Gran Colombia whole. 

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Title kinda says it all. 

Lord Thomas Cochrane turned out to be the key to Peru. 

José de San Martín gets zonked on opium and marches through the Andes. 

On June 24, 1821 the Battle of Carabobo secured permanent independence for Venezuela. 

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Do not buy land in Poyais. 

In 1820 a mutiny in Cádiz changed the course of Spanish American history. 

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In July 1819 Bolívar led a legendary march into the mountains to liberate New Granada once and for all. 

In January 1818 Simón Bolívar met José Antonio Páez. The War of Venezuelan Independence would never be the same. 

With an assist from the Republic of Haiti, Simon Bolivar launched a new expedition to Venezuela in 1816.

Enter José de San Martín and Bernardo O'Higgins. 

The restoration of King Ferdinand VII spelled big trouble for Spanish American Independence. 

In 1814 Simón Bolívar met the Legions of Hell. It wasn't pretty. 

Simón Bolívar left Venezuela in 1812. He came back in 1813. 

Things did not go well for the First Venezuelan Republic. 

in 1810 Simón Bolívar brought Francisco de Miranda home. 

Further unrest plagued Spanish America in 1809 as the situation deteriorated back in Spain. 

In May 1808 Napoleon deposed the Spanish Monarchy.

1n 1806, two invasions of South America tested the waters of independence. Also, Bolívar swears to liberate his country or die trying. 

Enter Bolívar. 

After the Seven Years War the Spanish American Empire was hit with an array of revolts. Also six degrees of Francisco de Miranda. 

After the Bourbons came to power they reformed the Spanish Empire and along the way created the Viceroyalty of New Granada. 

After Columbus "discovered" America the Spanish built up an empire upon which the sun never set. 

1806-Present. Enjoy.

After declaring independence, Jean-Jacques Dessalines ordered the extermination of the white French. 

Done at the headquarters of Gonaives, the first day of January 1804, the first year of independence.

The new nation of Haiti was born on New Years Day 1804.

In the summer of 1802 the worst Yellow Fever epidemic on record hit Saint-Domingue--making it very difficult to re-impose slavery. 

With the massive expedition he assembled, Bonaparte reckoned it would take three months to retake Saint-Domingue.

In 1801 Toussaint Louverture annexed Santo Domingo and promulgated a new constitution without permission from France. First Consul Bonaparte was not amused. 

From 1799-1800 Toussaint Louverture and Andre Rigaud fought a civil war for control of Saint-Domingue. 

Toussaint Louverture began to craft an independent foreign policy for Saint-Domingue in 1798.

In 1797, Touissant used the conservative victory in the elections of Year V to solidify his own position in Saint-Domingue.

By mid-1796, Toussaint Louverture had no rival on Saint-Domingue. Then Sonthonax came back.

From the summer of 1794 to the summer of 1795, the future of Saint-Domingue hung in the balance.

In February 1794, the National Convention not only ratified the emergency emancipation of the slaves, they extended it even further.

Le Cap burns. White colonial rule ends. The slaves are freed.

The Second Commission was supposed to implement the Law of April 4 and defeat the slave uprising. This turned out to be harder than they thought.

With slave revolts and civil war erupting in Saint-Domingue, the Legislative Assembly abolished all racial distinctions on April 4, 1792. 

First the whites revolted. Then the free coloreds revolted. Then the slaves REALLY revolted.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen sure seemed to imply that men were born free and equal in rights. In fact, it explicitly said so.

Wherein we find out what everyone thought about everyone else.

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The French colony of Saint-Domingue was the single most lucrative colony in the New World.

One last look back at the pile of severed heads.

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Napoleon conquered Europe. Then he got beat and the Bourbons came back.

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After coming to power in 1799, First Consul Bonaparte achieved many of the Revolution's dreams and healed many of its open wounds. So he declared himself Emperor in 1804.

And his name is Napoleon Bonaparte.

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When the War of the Second Coalition got off to a terrible start for the French, the Triumvirate that had been running the Directory since 1797 was overthrown.

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While Bonaparte was off trying to conquer Egypt, the rest of Europe mobilized against France.